Honest Ads Act

I 116TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 2592 To enhance transparency and accountability for online political advertisements by requiring those who purchase and publish such ads to disclose infor- mation about the advertisements to the public, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MAY 8, 2019 Mr. KILMER (for himself, Ms. STEFANIK, Mr. SARBANES, Mr. FITZPATRICK, Miss RICE of New York, Mr. GALLAGHER, Mr. CRIST, Mr. KATKO, Mr. SUOZZI, Ms. HERRERA BEUTLER, Mr. PANETTA, Mr. DUFFY, Mr. SCHNEIDER, Mr. DIAZ-BALART, Mr. COSTA, Mr. MCKINLEY, Mr. PHIL- LIPS, Mr. FORTENBERRY, Mr. PETERS, Miss GONZA´LEZ-COLO´N of Puer- to Rico, Mr. SMITH of Washington, Mr. BACON, Mr. SCHRADER, Mr. STAUBER, Mr. LUJA´N, and Mr. GONZALEZ of Ohio) introduced the fol- lowing bill; which was referred to the Committee on House Administra- tion A BILL To enhance transparency and accountability for online polit- ical advertisements by requiring those who purchase and publish such ads to disclose information about the adver- tisements to the public, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 1 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 2 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 3 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Honest Ads Act’’. 4 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 2 •HR 2592 IH SEC. 2. PURPOSE. 1 The purpose of this Act is to enhance the integrity 2 of American democracy and national security by improving 3 disclosure requirements for online political advertisements 4 in order to uphold the United States Supreme Court’s 5 well-established standard that the electorate bears the 6 right to be fully informed. 7 SEC. 3. FINDINGS. 8 Congress makes the following findings: 9 (1) On April 18, 2019, Special Counsel Robert 10 Mueller released a report titled ‘‘Report on the In- 11 vestigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 12 Presidential Election’’ which concluded that ‘‘the 13 Russian government interfered in the 2016 presi- 14 dential election in sweeping and systemic fashion.’’. 15 The report details that Russia interfered in the 2016 16 presidential election principally through two oper- 17 ations: first, through a Russian government spon- 18 sored social media influence campaign, and second, 19 by Russian intelligence ‘‘computer-intrusion’’ oper- 20 ations against those associated with both presi- 21 dential campaigns. 22 (2) On September 6, 2017, the Nation’s largest 23 social media platform disclosed that between June 24 2015 and May 2017, Russian entities purchased 25 $100,000 in political advertisements, publishing 26 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 3 •HR 2592 IH roughly 3,000 ads linked to fake accounts associated 1 with the Internet Research Agency, a pro-Kremlin 2 organization. According to the company, the ads 3 purchased focused ‘‘on amplifying divisive social and 4 political messages . . .’’. 5 (3) In 2002, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform 6 Act became law, establishing disclosure requirements 7 for political advertisements distributed from a tele- 8 vision or radio broadcast station or provider of cable 9 or satellite television. In 2003, the Supreme Court 10 upheld regulations on electioneering communications 11 established under the Act, noting that such require- 12 ments ‘‘provide the electorate with information and 13 insure that the voters are fully informed about the 14 person or group who is speaking.’’. 15 (4) According to a study from Borrell Associ- 16 ates, in 2016, $1,415,000,000 was spent on online 17 advertising, more than quadruple the amount in 18 2012. 19 (5) The reach of a few large internet plat- 20 forms—larger than any broadcast, satellite, or cable 21 provider—has greatly facilitated the scope and effec- 22 tiveness of disinformation campaigns. For instance, 23 the largest platform has over 210,000,000 American 24 users—over 160,000,000 of them on a daily basis. 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 4 •HR 2592 IH By contrast, the largest cable television provider has 1 22,430,000 subscribers, while the largest satellite 2 television provider has 21,000,000 subscribers. And 3 the most-watched television broadcast in U.S. his- 4 tory had 118,000,000 viewers. 5 (6) The public nature of broadcast television, 6 radio, and satellite ensures a level of publicity for 7 any political advertisement. These communications 8 are accessible to the press, fact-checkers, and polit- 9 ical opponents; this creates strong disincentives for 10 a candidate to disseminate materially false, inflam- 11 matory, or contradictory messages to the public. So- 12 cial media platforms, in contrast, can target portions 13 of the electorate with direct, ephemeral advertise- 14 ments often on the basis of private information the 15 platform has on individuals, enabling political adver- 16 tisements that are contradictory, racially or socially 17 inflammatory, or materially false. 18 (7) According to comScore, 2 companies own 8 19 of the 10 most popular smartphone applications as 20 of June 2017, including the most popular social 21 media and email services—which deliver information 22 and news to users without requiring proactivity by 23 the user. Those same 2 companies accounted for 99 24 percent of revenue growth from digital advertising in 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 5 •HR 2592 IH 2016, including 77 percent of gross spending. Sev- 1 enty-nine percent of online Americans—representing 2 68 percent of all Americans—use the single largest 3 social network, while 66 percent of these users are 4 most likely to get their news from that site. 5 (8) In its 2006 rulemaking, the Federal Elec- 6 tion Commission noted that only 18 percent of all 7 Americans cited the internet as their leading source 8 of news about the 2004 Presidential election; by con- 9 trast, the Pew Research Center found that 65 per- 10 cent of Americans identified an internet-based 11 source as their leading source of information for the 12 2016 election. 13 (9) The Federal Election Commission, the inde- 14 pendent Federal agency charged with protecting the 15 integrity of the Federal campaign finance process by 16 providing transparency and administering campaign 17 finance laws, has failed to take action to address on- 18 line political advertisements. 19 (10) In testimony before the Senate Select 20 Committee on Intelligence titled, ‘‘Disinformation: A 21 Primer in Russian Active Measures and Influence 22 Campaigns,’’ multiple expert witnesses testified that 23 while the disinformation tactics of foreign adver- 24 saries have not necessarily changed, social media 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 6 •HR 2592 IH services now provide ‘‘platform[s] practically pur- 1 pose-built for active measures[.]’’ Similarly, as Gen. 2 (RET) Keith B. Alexander, the former Director of 3 the National Security Agency, testified, during the 4 Cold War ‘‘if the Soviet Union sought to manipulate 5 information flow, it would have to do so principally 6 through its own propaganda outlets or through ac- 7 tive measures that would generate specific news: 8 planting of leaflets, inciting of violence, creation of 9 other false materials and narratives. But the news 10 itself was hard to manipulate because it would have 11 required actual control of the organs of media, which 12 took long-term efforts to penetrate. Today, however, 13 because the clear majority of the information on so- 14 cial media sites is uncurated and there is a rapid 15 proliferation of information sources and other sites 16 that can reinforce information, there is an increasing 17 likelihood that the information available to average 18 consumers may be inaccurate (whether intentionally 19 or otherwise) and may be more easily manipulable 20 than in prior eras.’’. 21 (11) Current regulations on political advertise- 22 ments do not provide sufficient transparency to up- 23 hold the public’s right to be fully informed about po- 24 litical advertisements made online. 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00006 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 7 •HR 2592 IH SEC. 4. SENSE OF CONGRESS. 1 It is the sense of Congress that— 2 (1) the dramatic increase in digital political ad- 3 vertisements, and the growing centrality of online 4 platforms in the lives of Americans, requires the 5 Congress and the Federal Election Commission to 6 take meaningful action to ensure that laws and reg- 7 ulations provide the accountability and transparency 8 that is fundamental to our democracy; 9 (2) free and fair elections require both trans- 10 parency and accountability which give the public a 11 right to know the true sources of funding for polit- 12 ical advertisements in order to make informed polit- 13 ical choices and hold elected officials accountable; 14 and 15 (3) transparency of funding for political adver- 16 tisements is essential to enforce other campaign fi- 17 nance laws, including the prohibition on campaign 18 spending by foreign nationals. 19 SEC. 5. EXPANSION OF DEFINITION OF PUBLIC COMMU- 20 NICATION. 21 (a) IN GENERAL.—Paragraph (22) of section 301 of 22 the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 23 30101(22)) is amended by striking ‘‘or satellite commu- 24 nication’’ and inserting ‘‘satellite, paid internet, or paid 25 digital communication’’. 26 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 8 •HR 2592 IH (b) TREATMENT OF CONTRIBUTIONS AND EXPENDI- 1 TURES.—Section 301 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30101) is 2 amended— 3 (1) in paragraph (8)(B)— 4 (A) by striking ‘‘on broadcasting stations, 5 or in newspapers, magazines, or similar types of 6 general public political advertising’’ in clause 7 (v) and inserting ‘‘in any public communica- 8 tion’’; 9 (B) by striking ‘‘broadcasting, newspaper, 10 magazine, billboard, direct mail, or similar type 11 of general public communication or political ad- 12 vertising’’ in clause (ix)(1) and inserting ‘‘pub- 13 lic communication’’; and 14 (C) by striking ‘‘but not including the use 15 of broadcasting, newspapers, magazines, bill- 16 boards, direct mail, or similar types of general 17 public communication or political advertising’’ 18 in clause (x) and inserting ‘‘but not including 19 use in any public communication’’; and 20 (2) in paragraph (9)(B)— 21 (A) by striking clause (i) and inserting the 22 following: 23 ‘‘(i) any news story, commentary, or 24 editorial distributed through the facilities 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00008 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 9 •HR 2592 IH of any broadcasting station or any print, 1 online, or digital newspaper, magazine, 2 blog, publication, or periodical, unless such 3 broadcasting, print, online, or digital facili- 4 ties are owned or controlled by any polit- 5 ical party, political committee, or can- 6 didate;’’; and 7 (B) by striking ‘‘on broadcasting stations, 8 or in newspapers, magazines, or similar types of 9 general public political advertising’’ in clause 10 (iv) and inserting ‘‘in any public communica- 11 tion’’. 12 (c) DISCLOSURE AND DISCLAIMER STATEMENTS.— 13 Subsection (a) of section 318 of such Act (52 U.S.C. 14 30120) is amended— 15 (1) by striking ‘‘financing any communication 16 through any broadcasting station, newspaper, maga- 17 zine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing, or any 18 other type of general public political advertising’’ 19 and inserting ‘‘financing any public communication’’; 20 and 21 (2) by striking ‘‘solicits any contribution 22 through any broadcasting station, newspaper, maga- 23 zine, outdoor advertising facility, mailing, or any 24 other type of general public political advertising’’ 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00009 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 10 •HR 2592 IH and inserting ‘‘solicits any contribution through any 1 public communication’’. 2 SEC. 6. EXPANSION OF DEFINITION OF ELECTIONEERING 3 COMMUNICATION. 4 (a) EXPANSION TO ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS.— 5 (1) APPLICATION TO QUALIFIED INTERNET AND 6 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS.— 7 (A) IN GENERAL.—Subparagraph (A) of 8 section 304(f)(3) of the Federal Election Cam- 9 paign Act of 1971 (52 U.S.C. 30104(f)(3)(A)) 10 is amended by striking ‘‘or satellite communica- 11 tion’’ each place it appears in clauses (i) and 12 (ii) and inserting ‘‘satellite, or qualified internet 13 or digital communication’’. 14 (B) QUALIFIED INTERNET OR DIGITAL 15 COMMUNICATION.—Paragraph (3) of section 16 304(f) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 30104(f)) is 17 amended by adding at the end the following 18 new subparagraph: 19 ‘‘(D) QUALIFIED INTERNET OR DIGITAL 20 COMMUNICATION.—The term ‘qualified internet 21 or digital communication’ means any commu- 22 nication which is placed or promoted for a fee 23 on an online platform (as defined in subsection 24 (j)(3)).’’. 25 VerDate Sep 11 2014 06:21 May 16, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H2592.IH H2592 kjohnson on DSK79L0C42 with BILLS 11 •HR 2592 IH (2) NONAPPLICATION OF RELEVANT ELEC- 1 TORATE TO ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS.—Section 2 304(f)(3)(A)(i)(III) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 3 30104(f)(3)(A)(i)(III)) is amended by inserting ‘‘any 4 broadcast, cable, or satellite’’ before ‘‘communica- 5 tion’’. 6 (3) NEWS EXEMPTION.—Section 7 304(f)(3)(B)(i) of such Act (52 U.S.C. 8 30104(f)(3)(B)(i)) is amended to read as follows: 9 ‘‘(i) a communication appearing in a 10 news story, commentary, or editorial dis- 11 tributed through the facilities of any 12 broadcasting station or any online or dig- 13 ital newspaper, magazine, blog, publica- 14 tion, or periodical, unless such broad- 15 casting, online, or digital facilities are 16 owned or controlled by any political party, 17 political committee, or candidate;’’. 18 (b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by 19 this section shall apply with respect to communications 20 made on or after January 1, 2020. 21 SEC. 7. APPLICATION OF DISCLAIMER STATEMENTS TO ON- 22 LINE COMMUNICATIONS. 23 (a) CLEAR AND CONSPICUOUS MANNER REQUIRE- 24 MENT.—Subsec [Text truncated for display. Full text available on Congress.gov.]